An ontology for anthropogenic impact accounting

FINAL: "Anything perceivable or conceivable." ("object" - ISO 9000:2015(E))

"An entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary." (https://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Entity)

A thing that bears some form of accountability for the occurrence of another thing.

A thing that bears some form of responsibility for an activity or for the existence of another thing, and which can be held accountable for it.

"An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity." (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Agent)

"[A] person or thing that takes an active role or produces a specified effect." (OED, Google)

"[The] doer of an action, typically expressed as the subject of an active verb or in a by phrase with a passive verb." (OED, Google)

"occurrence" = happening or existing.

'organization' as defined in ISO's Annex SL Appendix 2 is treated in this ontology as an agent consisting of multiple other agents.

Think further about delegation.

foaf has: The foaf:Agent class is the class of agents; things that do stuff. A well known sub-class is foaf:Person, representing people. Other kinds of agents include foaf:Organization and foaf:Group.

2024/10/16

FINAL: A statement about a thing.

"[A]n assertion that something is true." (OED, Google)

2024/10/15 

thing:claim:audit(n)

A statement about the causal relation between a thing, usually an activity, and a state change.

A statement about the relation between an activity and a state change, typically following an impact accounting methodology (thing:control).

A statement about a state, based on calculation as opposed to direct observation.

A calculated interpretation of measured parameters that indicates the state or level of an OWL::thing.

"[A] thing that indicates the state or level of something." (OED, Google)

Cambridge Dictionary says: @something that shows what a situation is like:

Indicator: A proxy for the state of a property that is difficult to or cannot be measured directly.

A thing that limits or directs another thing.

A means of limiting or directing a thing.

"[A] means of limiting or regulating something." (OED, Google)

"[T]he restriction of an activity, tendency, or phenomenon." (OED, Google)

limit, regulation, constraint, guide(n),

directive, specification,

requirement,

constraint

An impact accounting standard is a control that comprises both procedures and object specifications.

"standard": {

1. "[A] level of quality or attainment." (OED, Google)
2. "[A] required or agreed level of quality or attainment." (OED, Google)
3. "[S]omething used as a measure, norm, or model in comparative evaluations." (OED, Google)
4. "[P]rinciples of conduct informed by notions of honour and decency." (OED, Google)

}

requirement: {

1. "[A] thing that is needed or wanted." (OED, Google)
2. "[A] thing that is compulsory; a necessary condition." (OED, Google)
3. "[N]eed or expectation that is stated, generally implied or obligatory." (ISO Annex SL Appendix 2)

}

constraint: {

1. "[A] limitation or restriction." (OED, Google)
2. "[S]omething that controls what you do by keeping you within particular limits." (Cambridge)
3. "[A] constraining condition, agency, or force." (Merriam-Webster)
4. "[A] restrictive condition." (Collins)

}

A procedure guides an activity.

procedure: {

1. "[A]n established or official way of doing something." (OED, Google)
2. "[A] series of actions conducted in a certain order or manner." (OED, Google)
3. "[S]pecified way to carry out an activity or process." (ISO 9000:2015(E))

}

"methodology": {

1. "[A] system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity." (OED, Google)

}

Methodology vs. procedure: {

1. Option 1: "methodology" is a synonym for "procedure".
2. Option 2: A methodology is a subclass of a procedure; hence narrower as a procedure.
3. Option 3: A methodology is a thing:control that simply contains a procedure. 

}

An object specification is a control.

"[D]ocument stating requirements." ("specification", ISO 9000:2015(E))

"A plan is an entity that represents a set of actions or steps intended by one or more agents to achieve some goals." (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Plan)

A condition limits an activity with reference to a state.

2024/10/15

A system for organising things into groups according to their attributes.

2024/10/15

FINAL: A defined structure and encoding system for the processing, storage, or presentation of data.

#AH: I don't think we need this in version 1 of AIAO. A format is not a control per se; a control can specify what the format of something should be, but that control is not a format - it is a specification for a format. "format" falls, to my mind, in the same category as "colour" - it's not a control but an attribute or property that can be controlled.

Format: encoding system [text, images, audio, sensor data,)

A control that guides a mathematical calculation.

"[A] method or procedure for achieving something." (OED, Google)

"[A] mathematical relationship or rule expressed in symbols." (OED, Google)

2024/10/15

A system for expressing states related to quantity, scale or rank.

A measurement system allows the expression of the state of a parameter.

datum

system of measurement

I.e., a system for answering the question of "How much?"

A measurement system standardises units for measuring and comparing quantities.

A spatial reference system sets standards for determining and comparing locations. A spatial reference system defines points of reference and standardises methods for describing the location of things relative to those points of reference.

Example 1: What Three Words is a spatial reference system, not a measurement system.

Example 2: The statements "300 miles south of the equator" and "482 kilometers south of the equator" make use of the same spatial reference system, but different measurement systems.

TODO.

TODO.

A desired state to be effected by an activity.

"[R]esult to be achieved." (ISO Annex SL Appendix 2)

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent with regard to a specific activity.

The function assumed or part enacted by an agent in a particular situation, and which might be subjected to a thing:control.

"[T]he function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation." (OED, Google)

"[A] role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit."

CHEBI:50906

"A role is the function of an entity or agent with respect to an activity, in the context of a usage, generation, invalidation, association, start, and end." (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Role)

Roles are context-specific.
A role restricts the set of activities that an agent can perform in the context within which they enact the role.
Roles are sometimes mutually exclusive.
Some roles require the enacting agent to have met certain requirements to be allowed to enact the role in that context.

Cf. 4E cognition: embodied, embedded, enactive, extended.

Define 'responsibility'?

Add 'requirement' to the definition? Define 'requirement'?

2024/10/15

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who calibrates an instrument.

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who makes a claim.

"[A] person making a claim, especially in a lawsuit or for a state benefit." (OED, Google)

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who operates a specific thing (e.g., an instrument).

"[A] person who operates equipment or a machine." (OED, Google)

"[A] person or company that runs a business." (OED, Google)

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who owns a specific thing.

"[A] person who owns something." (OED, Google)

A predefined set of responsibilities and actions for an agent who defines and prepares the conditions for an activity or a set of activities.

"[A] person or thing that develops something." (OED, Google)

#AH: Do we need this? In an impact accounting scenario the project developer is really just a service provider to the owner of the project in question. It is ultimately the owner of the project who will be held accountable for the impact of the project, not the project developer, so do we really need to single the role of "project developer" out?

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who verifies a claim.

"[S]omeone who vouches for another or for the correctness of a statement." ("verifier")

A predefined set of responsibilities and/or actions for an agent who conducts an audit.

"[A] person who conducts an audit." (OED, Google)

"[P]erson who conducts an audit." (ISO 9000:2015(E))

A system for expressing states related to spatial location.

I.e., a system for answering the question of "Where?"

A measurment system standardises units for measuring and comparing quantities.

A spatial reference system sets standards for determining and comparing locations. A spatial reference system defines points of reference and standardises methods for describing the location of things relative to those points of reference.

Example 1: What Three Words is a spatial reference system, not a measurement system.

Example 2: The statements "300 miles south of the equator" and "482 kilometers south of the equator" make use of the same spatial reference system, but different measurement systems.

A system for expressing states related to temporal location.

FINAL: The surroundings and conditions in which a thing occurs.

"[T]he surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates." (OED, Google)

"[T]he setting or conditions in which a particular activity is carried on. (OED, Google)

"[A] specified sphere of activity or knowledge." ("domain" - OED, Google)

A thing that occurs over a period of time and which impacts an environment.

A thing that happens or takes place and which impacts an environment. An event is differentiated from an activity by the absence of explicit human intention.

"Nature has events, humans act"

"[A] thing that happens or takes place,..." (OED, Google)

"[A] single occurrence of a process, e.g. the ionization of one atom." (OED, Google)

 A transition in the world (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#InstantaneousEvent).

Occurs over a period of time and has a duration.

Has a spatial dimension.

"Events include generation, usage, or invalidation of entities, as well as starting or ending of activities...

An... event... happens in the world and marks a change in the world, in its activities and in its entities. The term 'event' is commonly used in process algebra with a similar meaning. Events represent communications or interactions; they are assumed to be atomic and instantaneous." (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#InstantaneousEvent)

An event that is orchestrated by an agent.

A thing that an agent does and which impacts an environment.

"[A] thing that a person or group does or has done." (OED, Google)

"Smallest identified object of work in a project." (ISO 9000:2015(E))

"An activity is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities." (http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#Activity)

"orchestrate": "[P]lan or coordinate the elements of (a situation) to produce a desired effect..." (OED, Google)

The only activities we are concerned with defining are the ones in which humans are in some accountable way involved in the execution thereof. If the activity cannot be used in the sentence "An agent engages in (a/an) <the activity>", then we are not concerned with defining it.

2024/10/15

The activity of determining a state from one or more other states according to some mathematical formula.

The activity of deriving the value of a parameter from other parameters' values by combining them according to some mathematical thing:control:formula.

E.g., Sarah performed a calculation to determine the amount of water she needed.

The act/ivity of being or presenting evidence in support of a claim.

"[B]e or show evidence of." (OED, Google)

FINAL: The act/ivity of making a statement about a thing.

"[S]tate or assert that something is the case..." (OED, Google)

"[A]ssert that one has gained or achieved (something)." (OED, Google)

assert

W3C Glossary: (n.) Assertion (i) Any expression which is claimed to be true. (ii) The act of claiming something to be true.

https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model/#claims is practically identical: "A claim is a statement about a subject. A subject is a thing about which claims can be made."

2024/10/16

The activity of determining a state through direct observation (as opposed to calculating it).

"[A]scertain the size, amount, or degree of (something) by using an instrument or device marked in standard units." (OED, Google)

"[A]ssess the importance, effect, or value of (something)." (OED, Google)

The activity of repeatedly determining a state over a period of time.

"[O]bserve and check the progress or quality of (something) over a period of time; keep under systematic review." (OED, Google)

"[M]aintain regular surveillance over." (OED, Google)

The activity of acting on behalf of another thing, usually - but not necessarily - in a different medium and/or environment than that in which the represented thing exists.

The act of registering a claim unto a claim_medium by means of an instrument. #AH: This is rather the definition of making a representation of something.

The activity of ascertaining that the content of a claim satisfies a particular specification for accuracy, truthfulness or demonstrability.

The activity of ascertaining that some claim is true, accurate, or justified.

"[M]ake sure or demonstrate that (something) is true, accurate, or justified." (OED, Google)

"[C]onfirm[], through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled." ("verification" - ISO 9000:2015(E))

"[T]o establish the truth, accuracy, or reality of." (Merriam-Webster)

The activity of following a formal procedure to verify a claim.

To perform a systematic, independent, objective and documented evaluation of a claim and its supporting evidence to determine the extent to which it complies with specific criteria. [control]

"[C]onduct a systematic review of." (OED, Google)

Conduct a systematic review or assessment of something.

"systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining objective evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled" ("audit" - ISO 9000:2015(E))

2024/10/15

A thing presented in support of the truthfulness of a claim.

"[T]he available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid."

"[I]nformation drawn from personal testimony, a document, or a material object, used to establish facts in a legal investigation or admissible as testimony in a law court."

"[S]igns or indications of something."

A verified piece of evidence.

"[A] declaration that something exists or is the case." (OED, Google)

attest(v): "[P]rovide or serve as clear evidence of." (OED, Google)

attest(v): "[D]eclare that something exists or is the case." (OED, Google)

attest(v): "[W]itness or certify formally." (OED, Google)

"A claim that is validated by formal statement of authority "

"The act of witnessing " ... "subscribing as a witness"

Attestation, evidence or proof of something.

the action of being a witness to or formally certifying something.

Cambridge: a formal statement that you make and officially say is true

#AH: Do we need this in AIAO version 1?

A thing used to perform an activity, but which does not undergo a significant state change due to the activity.

(as opposed to consumables that do undergo significant state changes due to the activity)

A thing used to perform an activity. 

A thing used during the performance of an activity, and which neither forms part of the consumable inputs to the activity, nor forms part of the intended output of the activity.

A thing used during the performance of an activity, but which is not consumed by the activity. 

Input: Material in the environment of an activity that undergoes one or more significant and deliberate state changes due to the activity.

"[A] tool or implement, especially one for precision work." (OED, Google)

"[A] means of pursuing an aim." (OED, Google)

"[A] measuring device used to gauge the level, position, speed, etc. of something,..." (OED, Google)

"[A] thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment." ("device" - OED, Google)

"[A] plan, method, or trick with a particular aim." ("device" - OED, Google)

"[A] device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function." ("tool" - OED, Google)

"[A] thing used to help perform a job." ("tool" - OED, Google)

device (?)

tool (?)

A medium is a thing that is altered, either temporarily or permanently, to transport another thing through space and/or time.

"[A]n agency or means of doing something." (OED, Google)

2024/10/16

A means of representation though a control:data_format

Media can be digital or physical

#AH: Is it necessary to include this in AIAO version 1?

A medium is a thing that can be altered, either temporarily or permanently, to serve as a vehicle of communication.

2024/10/15

A means of representation though a control:data_format

Media can be digital or physical

A quality or feature of a thing that can be used to describe, influence or control it.

A quality or feature forming one of a set that defines a thing or sets the conditions of its existence or operation.

"[A] numerical or other measurable factor forming one of a set that defines a system or sets the conditions of its operation." (OED, Google)

"[A] limit or boundary which defines the scope of a particular process or activity." (OED, Google)

"[A] numerical characteristic of a population, as distinct from a statistic of a sample." (OED, Google)

"[A] quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something." ("attribute" - OED, Google)

The state of a thing according to some classification system.

#AH: Not necessary for first version of AIAO.

2024/10/15

"[T]he beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something." (OED, Google)

"[A] widespread belief that someone or something has a particular characteristic." (OED, Google)

A quality or feature of a thing that can be used to describe, influence or control its relation to space.

2024/10/15

The amount of space that a thing occupies.

"[T]he size or scale of something." (OED, Google)

"[T]he degree or limit of something; how great or severe something is." (Cambridge Dictionary)

"[T]he amount of space or surface that something occupies or the distance over which it extends." (Merriam-Webster)

"[T]he range over which something extends." (Merriam-Webster)

"[T]he space, amount, or degree to which a thing extends; size; length; breadth." (Collins)

Multiple sets of coordinates.

The amount of space that a thing occupies across two spatial dimensions, expressed according to a spatial measurement system.

The amount of space that a thing occupies in a single spatial dimension, expressed according to a spatial measurement system.

Length, widht and height is each an example.

2024/10/15

The amount of space that a thing occupies across three spatial dimensions, expressed according to a spatial measurement system.

The point in space at which a thing occurs, expressed according to a spatial reference system.

Location, or space, can - like time and periods - be either definite or fuzzy.

The relation between the spatial locations of different parts of a thing.

The locations of the parts of a thing relative to each other.

The arrangement of a thing in space.

"[A] particular way in which someone or something is placed or arranged." (OED, Google)

"[A] certain arrangement of bodily parts." (Merriam-Webster)

"[T]he way in which something is arranged." (Cambridge Dictionary)

"[T]he way in which someone is lying, sitting, or standing." (Cambridge Dictionary)

A quality or feature of a thing that can be used to describe, influence or control its relation to time.

2024/10/15

The amount of time that a thing occupies, expressed according to a temporal measurement system.

"[T]he time during which something continues." (OED, Google)

"Duration of a temporal extent expressed as a decimal number scaled by a temporal unit." (owl-time)

The point in time at which a thing occurs, expressed according to a temporal reference system.

"[A] precise moment of time." ("instant" - OED, Google)

"[A]n exact point in time." ("moment" - OED, Google)

"A temporal entity with zero extent or duration." (owl-time) It could have location, though, because "...properties ...provide alternative ways to describe the temporal position of an :Instant." (owl-time)

An extent of time between two (thing:parameter:temporal_parameter:)instants.

An extent of time of which the start and end is each marked by a specific (thing:parameter:temporal_parameter:)instance

An extent of time defined by a specific starting instant and a specific ending instant.

"A temporal entity with non-zero extent or duration, i.e. for which the value of the beginning and end are different." ("proper interval", owl-time)

a length or portion of time

A portion of time defined by a specific starting point in time and a specific ending point in time.

Some periods in time may be "fuzzy" - exact y:m:d h:m:s may be unknown, but we can attribute a starting or ending point with a certain level of confidence. I.e., they can be definite or fuzzy.

"A temporal position described using either a (nominal) value from an ordinal reference system, or a (numeric) value in a temporal coordinate system." ("time position", owl-time)

"A position on a time-line" ("temporal position", owl-time)

E.g., "travel through space and time"

#AH: We distinguish between 'position' and 'location' when we talk about space, so we should probably not conflate the two terms when we talk about time. The Time Ontology's definitions of "time position" and "temporal position" each conflates "position" and "location", in my opinion.

2024/10/16

A series of interrelated and/or interacting events.

A series of interrelated or interacting events or activities.

"[A] series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end." (OED, Google)

"[A] natural series of changes." (OED, Google)

"[A] systematic series of mechanized or chemical operations that are performed in order to produce something." (OED, Google)

"[S]et of interrelated or interacting activities that uses or transforms inputs to deliver a(n) (intended) result." (ISO Annex SL Appendix 2; ISO 9000:2015(E))

A series of interrelated or interacting events.

A series of interrelated or interacting natural events without a primary human cause. 

A set of coordinated activities, undertaken to achieve an overarching objective, and subject to specific controls.

A unique process, consisting of a set of coordinated activities, undertaken to achieve an objective under specific controls.

"[A]n individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim." (OED, Google)

"[A] proposed or planned undertaking." (OED, Google)

"[U]nique process, consisting of a set of coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific requirements, including the constraints of time, cost and resources." (ISO 9000:2015(E))

FINAL: The value of a parameter at a specific time instant.

"[T]he particular condition that someone or something is in at a specific time." (OED, Google)

The overall condition of a thing at a specific point in time, expressed as some aggregate of the values of one or more of its defining parameters at that point in time.

"Condition" in the sense of "if x then..." are expressed by using thing:state inside thing:control. Definitions for "condition": {

1. "[A] situation that must exist before something else is possible or permitted." (OED, Google)
2. "[A]n arrangement that must exist before something else can happen." (Cambridge)
3. "[A] premise upon which the fulfillment of an agreement depends." (Merriam-Webster)
4. "[A] provision making the effect of a legal instrument contingent upon an uncertain event." (Merriam-Webster)
5. "[S]omething essential to the appearance or occurrence of something else." (Merriam-Webster)
6. "[A] restricting or modifying factor." (Merriam-Webster)

}

Re 'state' vs 'status:

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/12958/status-vs-state

2024/10/16

Agents

• unique identifier (identity)
• type (individual or group; if group, what type of group, e.g. organisation, company or movement; auditor)
  • Develop or source a schema describing a minimum set of properties by agents type

An agent asserts their identity though digital signatures

Agents provide proofs of their properties through verified credentials 

Other parties can verify agent properties and make claims about their methods and results

Digital signature

Verified credentials 

Validation claim by third party

See: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHEBI_50906

Definition "A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit."^^xsd:string

Activities

• activity class (e.g. IPCC categories)
• activity description including objective(s) 
• location
• start time
• end time (possibly)
• agent
• input(s) (e.g. materials and energy; consumables and non-consumables)
• process(es): a process links inputs to products and waste
• output(s) product + waste

• objective (experience, create, reduce, destroy, avoid, verify) (optional / not required in all instances)

* An audit is a special type of activity where the input is a claim and the output is an evaluation of that claim.

Ex ante: An agent asserts their intentions to act in a Projet Design Document (PDD) 

Ex post: An agent describe their actions in a Projet Design Document (PDD) 

The activity and its results and impacts are documented by the agent at intervals in a monitoring report (MR)

• unique identifier

Consider a token for an activity that contains all the essential elements in column 1. Such a token must have a time limit and proof of life requirements (e.g. minimum process data feed to confirm it is ongoing)

NACE activity codes

IPCC

NAICS

ISIC

• location and temporal extent (either objective or referential)
• definition (in terms of parameters of interest)

States

• metrics referring to parameters
• type (actual [measured] or baseline [counterfactual])

*State as in environmental state (not political state)

Parameters/indicators for states

Parameters/indicators delivered by agents via PDDs and MRs

• unique identifier
• impact claim per state

• name
• definition
• unit of measure
• rationale
• calculation
• credibility

(Emission factors are parameters, for example.)

• unique identifier

• name
• author(s)
• applicability - type of agent, type of activity, state
• requirements (e.g. reporting requirements, calculation requirements)
• version
• method(s)
• precision
• accuracy / std error
• emission factors (defaults)

• unique identifier

• agent 
• activity
• "before" state for every every environment and aspect of the state under consideration
• "after" state for every every environment and aspect of the state under consideration
• causal connection between activity and the resultant state (e.g. scope 1 (primary/secondary), scope 2 or scope 3)
• standard followed