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Innovation Tagline:  Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as digital ink for  tracking waste emissions.

Project Keywords:  #NFT #TokenEconomy #ValueChain #CarbonEmissions #Flaring #Scope3

Project Members

1. Bertrand WILLIAMSRIOUX
2. Woody Moore
3. Si Chen

Problem 

Phasing out fossil fuels is an important climate action, but it will take time, and a future without fuels is unlikely. Flaring, and venting, of associated natural gas by oil producers is a major source of value chain emissions (Figure 1) for fuel users (estimated at250 Mt to 1 Gt CO2e per year) and reducing these waste emissions is a first step to decarbonize the fuel value chain.

Figure 1 Annual flaring and associated gas use, from EDF (2021)

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The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF 2021) points out that investors need to pressure energy companies to improve flaring transparency, requiring collaboration to establish clear metrics.

Value chain (scope 3) reporting standards help identify these type of indirect impacts. According to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) value chain reporting has not been very successful in reducing emissions (Patchell 2018).

Value chain reporting may use the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) practice, which can be difficult for organizations to implement on their:

• Access the credible metrics restricted by data silos across emission measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems
• Rely on historic data based that may be several years old
• Employ of on model estimates that may be subjective and hard to validate

LCA applied to fuel carbon intensity standards have no been very effective in mitigating emissions (Plevin et al 2017).

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Waste emission tracking tools

 Several independent tracking tools are being introduced (GGFR, Flaring Monitor, MethaneSat, UNEP IMEO,flare-intel) for waste emissions.

Converting this data into useful fuel value chain metrics require integration with production data. Flaring Monitor has made some progress on this, and will provide key part of our solution to bridge reporting silos for waste emissions. (this effort could align with the World Bank's Imported Flared Gas Index).

Solution

We propose a non-fungible token (NFT) contract to track waste emissions.

The carbon tracker NFT (C-NFT)  has been implemented using the ERC-721 standard, as part of the Net Emission Token (NET) network to issue, transfer, and retire carbon tokens by different accounts:

• Voluntary Carbon Tracker Token (VCT) used by industry dealers 
• Audited Emission Certificate (AEC) assigned to industry/consumers by auditors
• Emission Offset Credit (EOC) and Renewable Energy Credit (REC) dealers

A C-NFT provides a digital emission profile for accounts owned by facilities, e.g., oil and gas field,  power plant, refinery (Figure 2).

Figure 2 C-NFT illustration

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Each profile (reporting "silo") consists of inputs and outputs as NET transaction values - Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) emissions. 

• Inputs are retired NETs for direct (scope 1) or indirect (scope 2/3) emissions.
• Outputs are tokens  transferred downstream.
  • VCT are transferred as the CO₂e of fuels sold to consumers (used in commercial trade).
  • AEC are indirect emissions, e.g., from selling electricity/heat

Emission profiles can explicitly reference a source C-NFT (arrows in Figure 2) to track embedded emissions. 

In practice a supplier/emission dealer announces to its customer, I am sending emissions tokens (e.g. VCT) from this facility's emission profile (NFT). This allows organizations to connect the internal boundaries of traditional silos.

The consumer (e.g., Fuel user) can identify waste emissions through public view functions of the NFT, such as carbon intensity metrics:

• CI of oil & gas supplied (Fuel trade out) -> flared gas + leakage / fuel outputs
• CI of Refined fuel trade -> other emissions (e.g., electricity/heat, flue gases) / refined fuel out 
• The example also subtracts offset credits purchased from a dealer (green box)  

The next step will involve building tools to pull in different data sources to support independent auditing and verification (MRV cycle):

• company voluntary reports/ ERP sensors (gas flaring)
• independent tracking service focusing on Flaring Monitor

Figure 3 Architecture for verifying waste emission. 

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Figure 3 depicts an ongoing effort by the blockchain carbon accounting team to collect emission data points into a database (orbitDB) using IPFS or Fabric. These are connected to Ethereum contracts (NET/C-NFT) using a ChainLink oracle service or DAO.

Other Value chain scope 3 tools/services

To our knowledge there is no system focused designed to bridge the MRV systems used by organizations to direclty identify value chain emissions.

The GHG Protocol provides a free tool to help measures cross-sector value-chain impacts. It provides inputs typically used in LCA practices, which may only provide historic/aggregate data from several years ago. It is more focused on providing measures for individual organizations as opposed to connecting reporting activities.

CarbonChain is a comparable solution to help organizations assess emission impacts across commodity supply chains. However, it operates as a centralized services, focusing on gathering data into a bigger silo not connecting them.1) Project Name: Reducing Methane Leakage and Flaring through Supply Chain Tokens

2) Innovation Tagline: Using the blockchain to create supply chain incentives to reduce 1 Gt CO2e of from methane flaring and fugitive emissions 

3) List the Hyperledger Projects that will be leveraged to develop your solution: We are building a carbon tracking network to tie together supply chain emission data. This will include a set of smart contracts as part of the open source blockchain carbon accounting tools built by the CA2SIG: a Utility Emissions Channel Project for auditing emission from electricity purchases, Net Emissions Token (NET) Project to tokenize emissions and offset credits, and a Climate DAO Project, the elements of an operating system for climate action.  These projects are built on top of Hyperledger Fabric, Besu, and Bevel.

4) Project Members

1. Bertrand WILLIAMSRIOUX
2. Woody Moore
3. Si Chen
4. Arezkidji

Problem 

Even as we reduce our Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions to stop climate change, the oil and gas industry will remain a central part of the global energy system for decades.  In this period, a top priority is to reduce the amount of methane that is leaked and flared during the production of oil and natural gas. Methane trapped in the geological formations of oil and gas wells is often disposed of as a safety measure, but also leaked or vented to the atmosphere when infrastructure is not available to gather, process and distribute it as natural gas for a profit. This is typical in remote and undeveloped areas (the highest rates are observed in Africa, Figure 1) where methane is burned (flared) and converted into Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), or worse, vented or leaked. 

Figure 1 flaring and venting data from EDF (2021) 

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The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) warming potential of uncombusted methane is more that 25 times on a CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) basis. While, flaring was estimated at 142 billion cubic meters (bcm) in 2020 (figure 1), 265 million tons (Mt) CO2e, 8 Mt of methane were released at 240 Mt CO2e (IEA 2020). Assuming a lower combustion efficiency total emissions could reach as high as 1 Gt of CO2e, greater than the total emissions of Germany or all the world's airlines.   

Although major oil companies, NGO's, and investors have all committed to reducing oil and gas methane emissions, it remains a challenge because of a lack of quality data about the methane emissions of specific facilities and producers.  As a result, it's difficult to allocate the needed investment to the right places.

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Solution

We propose a solution using two important blockchain features:

• An oracle which could integrate multiple sources of data, from satellite images to company reported data to facility level instruments, that together could provide the best estimate of methane emissions at the facilities and company levels.
• A tokens network that would allow the value of lower methane emissions to be transferred to buyers looking for fuel with lower carbon intensity.

For more technical details, please see Oil & Gas Methane Emissions Reduction Project. 

Minimum viable product

Our target product is a portal where data from multiple sources of methane emissions could be viewed, and the final methane emissions for a production facility is calculated.  Then an oil & gas producer could also:

• registers as an industry dealer of the NET network
• construct a (voluntary) emission profile (C-NFT) for current inventories (using VCT) based on the calculated methane emissions
• connects its C-NFT profile to the waste emission verification system (Figure 3)
• list inventories as digital VCT that can be transferred to other industry/consumer accounts.

Accomplishment and Team

Our team-members has been working on the Supply Chain Emissions Ledger ProjectDecarbonization for some time, with the Operating System for Climate Action providing much of the underlying code needed for this challenge.

Bertrand WILLIAMSRIOUX  is an energy economist, engineer and programmer, putting together a startup to provide   is an independent consultant with 15 years of experience in energy economics, climate science and computer programming.  He has worked as an analyst and advisor on energy market and climate policy issues, and is currently creating a startup offering carbon accounting and management services for energy and energy intensive commoditiescommodity industries.

Si Chen is the founder of Open Source Strategies, Inc. and coordinates the Carbon Accounting and Certification WG of the hyplerledger Climate Action and Accounting (CA2 SIG.

Woody Moore is a CA2 SIG Co-chair on building the business case for tracking carbon emissions across supply chains

b. Identify talent/resource gaps and needs (Do you need more support developing the blockchain solution? Do you need support with front end development? Do you need support developing the business model?)

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SIG).  He is the author of the open source book, Open Climate Investing, and a co-editor of an upcoming book "Sustainable Carbon Economy with Blockchain: The Role of Oil and Gas Industry in The Energy Transition". 

Woody Moore is currently acting Co-chair of the Climate Action and Accounting Special Interest Group (CA2SIG). He holds a MBA with 10+ years of experience planning and executing Go-to-Market strategies for early stage tech start-ups. He also has expertise in the field of internet governance, where he supports ICANN's (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) multistakeholder decision-making model to help the global community reach consensus around the protocols, standards and policies needed to support the security, stability and resiliency of the internet's Domain Name System.

Additional resources needed:

• Front end user interface development
• Hyperledger Fabric - Integration of remote sensing data to Fabric and integration of Fabric with Layer 2 Ethereum network.

Project Plan

We set the following goals for the a prototype methane reduction C-NFT

• Construct the methane emissions of an oil and gas producer by combining industry repots with with independent data 
• Illustrate the verification of emissions in line with recognized standard setting body practices
• Track embedded emissions though to the final producer of a consumer fuel (gasoline/diesel).

Launch phase

1. Collect and prepare emission data (4 weeks)
   1. Select a set of typically of oil/gas well and gather relevant data, sourced from company reports, independent sources, (Flaring Monitor), sensors, or simulated.
   2. Create/select a representative model/data set for intermediate processing of oil and gas in a refinery and a power plant to produce a consumer fuel.
   3. Setup up data sources to be storage within a fabric emission channel or IPFS database (Figure 3) 
2. Build the blockchain oracle (8 weeks)
   1. Select an oracle service
   2. Integrate the distributed database (fabric/ipfs) with the oracle
   3. Register "real-world" methane emission data as digital token in the layer 2 NFT contracts.
3. Construct emission profiles  (4 weeks)
   1. Design UI/UX for for constructing and linking emission inventories
   2. Using the NET network compile emission inventories (accounting boundaries) for each facility using the GHG Protocol corporate reporting standard 
   3. Using C-NFT Bridge accounting boundaries following the Value chain (scope 3) reporting standards: 
4. Simulate trading of methane performance tokens / CI certificate using C-NFT (4 weeks)