...

Index
     Purpose of This Paper 
     Intended Audience
 1 Introduction 
     1.1 The Problem 
     1.2 Solution Highlights
2 Why Hyperledger 
3 Business Architecture 
4 Module Description 
     4.1 Partner Portal
     4.2 ETL Module (Extract Transform Load) 
     4.3 Open APIs and Collection Services 10
     4.4 Alarms and Alerts 
     4.5 Payments & Collections 
     4.6 Rate management 
     4.7 Deal Management 
     4.8 Rating 
     4.9 Aggregation 
     4.10 Disputes
     4.11 On boarding/Identity Services
     4.12 Smart Contract Manager (Audits) 
5 Technical Architecture
     5.1 Middle Layer 
     5.2 Blockchain Network
     5.3 Entities in the Blockchain Network 
     5.4 Flow of transactions 
6 Hardware Sizing 
7 Blockchain Challenges 
8 Next Steps (Proposal)
9 Conclusions 
10 Annex A – Hyperledger Frameworks 
     Table 1: Summary of Hyperledger Frameworks 
1.0 TCSIG published in June 2019.
     This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
     creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

...

The purpose of this white paper is to define how a blockchain-based solution can help telecommunication service providers settle cross-charging payments efficiently and quickly by reducing friction and removing intermediaries. The objectives of this white paper are to define a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for a solution and propose a consortium of wholesale operators which would use the solution to address the settlements problem.

Intended Audience

The primary audience of this white paper are is network operators who are interested in reducing the cost of cross-charging settlements, as well as technical people who are interested in exploring the technology by implementing a real use case.

...

Telecom network operators worldwide open their networks to each other to enable their mutual customers to communicate across network boundaries. This practice, known as
“Interconnect”, is being used among national and international operators for fixed, mobile, and Internet services. Network operators cross-charge each other for the interconnect services they offer each other’s customers. It is done through invoicing/billing and settlements.
Network operators collect and store detailed information in a record known as Call Detail Record (CDR) about every call ever attempted, whether completed or not. A typical CDR captures data such as calling and called party phone numbers, duration of the call, CDR unique ID, a timestamp for each activity, the ID of the equipment that handled the call, the result of the call, and so on. Interconnect partners share CDRs for the purpose of verifying cross charges and settling balances. This verification process is cumbersome, inefficient, lengthy, costly, and error prone. Missing CDRs and discrepancies in CDRs are very common problems.
Due to the a large number of network operators globally and the many-to-many relationships amongst them, the complexity and amount of cross charging and settlements data is exponential and very error-prone, causing Interconnect to be very expensive. Interconnect is considered one of the largest operating costs and ranges from 30% to 50% of the overall operator’s business, according to some estimates. In many cases, Interconnect is the only primary business of a telecom operator that deals in wholesale business. For example, to settle roaming charges, mobile operators check International Data Clearing Houses (DCH) to validate roaming fees and then cross-reference the data against the information provided by Financial Clearing Houses (FCH). FCH are used for debt collection rates and clearing accuracy. Access to DCH and FCH data is slow and the data itself is error prone. Network operators spend substantial amounts of money to avail the settlement services from the clearinghouses and also fixing data errors to reconcile their records and books.
Traditional partners are the interconnect entities who form the wholesale business. The fundamental problems emerging from general partnerships are about long contract timelines, disputes due to data mismatches, and long settlement processes that block the disputed revenue for both parties. In most cases, billing discrepancies are honest mistakes, but in some instances, it can be malicious as well where the intention is to block payments or renegotiate on the payables. Some of the most common disputes can take several months to get resolved; in some cases, the operator must compromise and write-off the amount to close the dispute as well. The root of the problem lies in the way transactions are controlled between partners. Since both the parties have a centralised centralized siloed approach of maintaining records, there is a lack of transparency leading to lack of trust. Traditional databases generally are not encrypted by default and are managed centrally; hence there is always a threat of sensitive data getting lost or manipulated if the access of authority gets compromised.

Let us take a simple example:
● Billing Cycle – Monthly
● Billing Generation & Distribution – 5th of every month
● Bill Reconciliation – 2-3 days
● Dispute Identification & Confirmation – 15-45 Days
● Dispute claim form that contains the disputed destinations, volumes and rates along with Police report for fraudulent transactions is shared for the partner to start dispute investigation
● CDR reconciliation process – 90 – 180 Days
● Dispute Analysis and resolution by Partner – Months to Years
● Result – Blocked receivables and Write-offs in some cases
● Additional Overhead – Police report is mandatory in some countries to raise dispute due to fraud. Which is not always accepted due to limited information, unreliable format etc.
● Fraud Disputes – Wholesale business get to know about Fraudulent transactions only after the reconciliation process is initiated.
Note: Above mentioned numbers are based on Operator interviews and generic wholesale practices of settlement.
This shows that traditional ways of settlements are not just time consuming, it also results in multiple overhead issues, exposure to fraud and blockage or loss of revenue because of unpaid bills. To counter this critical problem which is now one of the most vocal concerns of Wholesale operators it has to be addressed by Technology, Process and People.

...

A Blockchain based solution could be used to simplify and expedite the Interconnect’s cross-charging and billing data-verification process. Network operators would store CDR data related to the Interconnect cross-charging and billing into the Blockchain in real time.
All operators will have instantaneous access to the data without being able to modify it. The Blockchain ledger becomes the single source of truth, which allows network operators to access and verify billing and cross-charging data in real-time. It eliminates the need for data clearing houses and makes the reconciliation and settlement process simple and error-free. It also helps with fighting and preventing fraud. Many operators and companies are trying Blockchain solution for speedy settlements.
Network operators dedicate resources just to negotiate Interconnect charges and clearing agreements with other network operators. Once reached, agreements are scripted and governed by regulations. A Blockchain smart contract can be used to execute these agreements. Certified charging data can be stored on the Blockchain, which would eliminate the need for third parties and the tedious process of settlement.
The direct beneficiaries of the Blockchain-based solution are network operators that collectively constitute a business network (a consortium) or a closed ecosystem whose members have formal legal relationships and share a certain level of, but not absolute, trust. This makes a permissioned Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), such as one of the Hyperledger frameworks, more suitable than a permission-less public Blockchain. This is due to the nature of the relationships among network operators. For example, not all network operators need, or should have, access to all CDR data on the ledger; only those who have interconnection or roaming agreements should have access to their mutual data. Also, CDR data contains confidential customer information and should not be open to the public. A permissioned DLT allows for controlled access to information on the ledger.
With the exception to the human interaction aspect related to negotiations and dispute resolution, Interconnect falls in the digital space. Basically, once Interconnect charges and billing terms and conditions are reached, all data generation, storage on the Blockchain, and verification is are done automatically by the Hyperledger consortium. In general, telecom network equipment manufacturers certify CDR data, however, there is no guarantee that some network operators don’t manipulate the data to their advantage before writing it on the Blockchain. The solution is to establish a blockchain governance process to ensure data providence and veracity.
Solution Essentials
● Gain better visibility between partners belonging to the same channel
● Build transparency and trust across deals and financial transactions
● Ensure financial and legal compliance in transactions
● Increased direct control by reducing intermediary dependency
● Eliminate insecurity in transaction manipulation

...

● An open source platform governed by the Linux Foundation with the objective to redefine the nature of trust on the Internet. It is a collaboration between over 250 members from various domains and 21 Hyperledger governing members1.
● Well defined Roadmap and dedicated community for long term project support which ensures the addition of new capabilities and for timely closure of the issues.
● Proven track record of successful PoCs and popularity with the enterprises that want to build permissioned blockchain solutions, where only the allowed entities can exist.
● Platform capable of hosting multiple interconnect partners as part of the consortium by creating partitioned channels to enable coexistence but at the same time maintain privacy of the data.
● Hyperledger does not require public miners because of the inbuilt Orderer that handles the consensus, hence there is no concept of cryptocurrency in the permissioned blockchain making it suitable to comply with regulatory bodies across geographies.
● Based on some of the performance experiments, Hyperledger has shown good numbers in terms of the transactions per second. Based on the Cornell University publication, FastFabric 2research paper, the throughput of 20,000 Transaction were achieved per second. Another research by IBM 3has shown throughput of 13,000 Transactions per second. These numbers look promising and makes make Hyperledger suitable for the wholesale use cases.

...

The proposed solution will come with a library of REST APIs that will act as a middle layer and shall enable the integration of existing CSP legacy systems with the new Blockchain based settlement system. Below are some of the key APIs:
● Create Account
● Create Account Profile
● Payment
● Collections
● Deal Creation
● Dispute Creation
Collection services comprise of CDR and rate sheets file collection from respective CSPs. The rate sheets file will be stored as a hash value where it can be produced in case of rate disputes.
CDR collection service will supply CDRs to the ETL layer for aggregation and normalization processes.

...

Once the rates are uploaded and the other party authorizes the rates, a consensus is established, and the rate entries will be created in the ledger. Rate sheet file can also be maintained with hash value for future reference in case of rate discrepancies.

4.7 Deal Management

Solution The solution will support a multitude of agreement models that can be configured using a user-friendly graphical interface. Different types of agreements such as committed, tiered, back to first minute, balanced deals and others.
A deal can be configured using multiple ways, user can configure the deal smart contract template available via Partner Portal or deal information can be shared over an API. Deal data will be written in the ledger once there is a consensus met between the partners once the deal is accepted. Deal document hash can also be maintained in the ledger for future reference to resolve rate and volume discrepancies.

...

Dispute management can be achieved directly from Partner Portal or by exposing the key APIs to create and manage dispute in legacy solutions. The objective of a Wholesale Blockchain solution is to have minimum disputes, but in the case of discrepancies which could be due to volume, rate or fraudulent transaction should be handled with a structured dispute management process.

...

Smart Contract Manager feature enables the customer to track existing contracts that are live and new contracts that are either in draft or testing stage. Through Smart Contract Manager a user can see the history of contract execution, the status of execution and various organization and peers for which the contract was run.
The administrator view of Smart Contract Manager can also provide information on various APIs that were triggered by the Smart Contract to perform business tasks.

...

The Hyperledger Fabric network will have different entities where each of them have has a distinct role to perform.
● There must be at least one ledger per channel to record each transaction. They would be in sync across all the general peers of all the participating organizations on a single channel. This ensures that the data is distributed across multiple ledgers to maintain integrity.
● There will be at least one smart contract per channel which will write to the corresponding ledger. The smart contract, otherwise referred to as Chaincode in Hyperledger Fabric, will have the custom logic built by Subex to perform the required operations involving wholesale settlement. The aggregated CDR entries would be reconciled, and the required output will be written to the ledger thus recording a transaction.
● The peer node which will run a smart contract will be the endorsing peer.
● The Anchor peer will be responsible for the communication between different organizations via a channel.
● The Orderer peer will be responsible for ordering the transactions before they are validated and committed to the ledger by the committing peer.
Note: The peers can either be located within the operators’ premises or can be provisioned on the cloud to minimize the complexity.

...

Inter-Carrier Settlements, when combined with blockchain, which brings in the philosophy of consensus, security, privacy, and trust, can address some of the key challenges of partnerships. Telecommunication companies can leverage this emerging technology to create a difference in today’s dynamic business landscape with existing and emerging partners. As the technology is in its initial stages, along with the promising capabilities, there are its own set of challenges. Hyperledger Telecom Special Interest Group (SIG) is actively collaborating with Operators, Vendors, and Researchers to solve the below challenges:
1. Business Challenges - Define use cases and integrate these with multi DLT technology to provide better results. Some of the identified use cases are around wholesale Disputes and Invoice reconciliation.
2. Performance Challenges – This is one of the biggest challenges, the current wholesale partnerships between two operators amount to millions of transactions per day. This value will only rise when we talk about the IoT and M2M scenarios with 5G becoming mainstream. Hyperledger Telecom SIG is committed to collaborating with the technical community to build a blockchain based solution that does not just bring expected performance, but also optimizes the resources to have cost-effective solutions.
3. Interoperability challenges – Another challenge of blockchain is interoperability between multi DLT platforms. Blockchain can only be effective if used by a consortium, but it does not make sense to limit each party to a common DLT platform. Hence another key aspect where Hyperledger Telecom SIG wants to collaborate is to solve interoperability challenges. There are multiple projects like Hyperledger Quilt, Polkadot, Ark Smartbridge that are working to solve this problem. We believe that the right solution combined with optimization shall solve this challenge for the parties that which to partner on different DLT platforms.

...

Decentralization is at the heart of Blockchain and the distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and is the underpinning enabler of disintermediation. At its core, disintermediation is the economical driver fueling the adoption of DLT across many industries, including telecommunications.
Inefficiencies of the intercarrier settlement process within the telecommunications industry are well documented and understood by practitioners. Over the years, network operators have lost billions of dollars due to disputes over billing data discrepancies and mismatches and also due to delayed revenue recognition.
In this paper, we explained the inter-carrier settlement problem in detail and proposed a solution based on the open source Hyperledger DLT. The solution simplifies the settlement process by creating a trusted, single source of truth for the call detail records generated by the participating carriers, which eliminates the root cause of data mismatches and discrepancies.
The proposed solution focused on a set of core functionality that allows carriers to reduce friction, time, and costs while maintaining autonomy, integrity, privacy, and control over their own data. The level of details discussed in the paper is sufficient for implementing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) to demonstrate the core promises of the solution— simplifying and expediting the cross-charging and billing data-verification process across multiple carriers.
Our objective is to form a global consortium representing network operators, billing and settlement vendors, technologists, and industry forum to realize the proposed solution. We would like to showcase the solution at the global stage for the sake of improving and maturing it to a commercial-grade level ready for adoption by carriers worldwide.

Acknowledgements

10. Annex A – Hyperledger Frameworks

...